Between 1962 and 1977, BMW introduced the Neue Klasse (German for New Class) model range which were a great leap forward for the company. They were innovative new products that not only marked the carmaker’s recovery from its earlier financial crisis but also started the reputation of the ‘Ultimate Driving Machine’.
In 2025, BMW will introduce another range of NEUE KLASSE models and as with the original range 60 years earlier, the models will be pioneering with a technology platform that will set new standards in digitalisation, sustainability and design for electric vehicles (EVs).
While carmakers make a large part of a car, many of the systems and features usually come from companies that are specialists the area. These are areas such as instrument display panels, transmissions, audio equipment and of course, wheels and tyres. Their specialisation allows them to be more focussed on making advances that meet changing demands of the carmakers as well as customers.
HARMAN, a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics, is one such supplier to the auto industry. Although well known for audio electronics in its history of over 40 years, HARMAN now also offers its expertise to the automotive industry. More than 50 million vehicle on the road today are equipped with the company’s different brands of audio and connected car systems (Infinity, Mark Levinson, JBL, Bang & Olufsen being among them).
In the early years of the automobile, just maintaining control of the car was the most important thing for the driver to do. Knowing how the engine was running and the speed were secondary. Over time, meters and warning lights were added to provide the driver with information that could help him drive better or alert him of problems. The increasing number of meters to display led to the creation of the instrument panel as an integral part of the dashboard, with the area in front of the driver being referred to as the ‘cockpit’, a term taken from aircraft.
In the past couple of decades, the instrument panel has evolved from having mechanical devices to digital graphic displays which allow more information to be shown by having changeable displays. Some information (eg energy flows in a hybrid powertrain) is also shown on the panel in the middle of the dashboard.
Looking at the instruments while driving means the eyes move down and the driver may not be watching the road ahead momentarily, which can be dangerous. One approach to helping the driver keep eyes ahead all the time was to take an idea from fighter aircraft – the Head-Up Display (HUD). This is a display projected on the windscreen ahead of the driver with information such as speed and other warnings.
The Head-Up Display (HUD) was originally developed for use in fighter jets, providing pilots with important operating information without having to look down at instruments. This was important at the speeds they were flying, more so when in combat where they had to be looking ahead (or around) all the time.
The value of HUDs eventually saw them being installed in commercial aircraft, providing pilots with an additional ‘screen’ ahead of them so they could still view the runway ahead when landing. The system also caught the attention of engineers in the auto industry who thought it would be a good idea to use in cars. By projecting information on the windscreen, the driver could stay focussed on the road ahead and still be informed of things like speed and other functions.
HUD in a fighter aircraft
The earliest use of the HUD in a car was in a Nissan Silvia in the mid-1980s and General Motors also put it in some of its models. However, the early HUDs were simple with just a few items of information. There were initial issues of visibility in bright sunlight which limited their wider use, apart from the cost. As such, while they continued to be offered, only very expensive models had them, usually as an option.
Some manufacturers came up with a low-cost approach which did not need any special windscreen glass. Instead, a flip-up see-through panel was installed on top of the dashboard ahead of the steering wheel. Information was projected onto this from inside the dashboard, which was visible to the driver. In a way, it was a return to the earliest concept of the HUD which was basically a reflector sight installed in fighter planes in World War II.
A genuine innovation
With advancements in electronics and other technologies, the HUD for cars has also evolved and with costs dropping as volume increases, it is slowly becoming available in lower segments. Volkswagen is the first car manufacturer in the world to introduce this technology in the compact segment (initially in the new ID.3 and ID.4 electric models), and it includes augmented reality (AR) as well.
With AR, the virtual and real worlds are merged in the HUD panel. The innovative system superimposes selected symbols onto the outside world and displays them dynamically. It’s a new chapter in driver information displays and a genuine global innovation.
Two fields, two levels.
The AR HUD projects important information onto the windscreen – separated into two fields and levels. The large window for the dynamic displays is located in the driver’s field of view at a virtual distance of around 10 metres and has a diagonal measuring around 1.8 metres. Information from the driver assist systems as well as the turn arrows and starting points and destinations of the navigation system are displayed in this far-range window.
The close-range window is located as a flat band under the large far-range window. This shows the driving speed, road signs, and assist and navigation symbols as static displays. They appear to ‘float’ around 3 metres in front of the driver.
All displays are positioned perfectly in line with the real world outside the vehicle and are shown dynamically. When the vehicle approaches a junction where it should turn off according to the navigation route, the driver sees two indications: in the first step, an advance notification on the road level, and then three arrows located at the junction.
The closer the driver gets to the junction, the larger the arrows become. At the same time, their textures fade in order to ensure a clear view of the road. When developing all displays, Volkswagen followed the basic concept of “Less is more”. This ensures that the driver is not overwhelmed with distracting information under any circumstances.
The Lane Assist function is also visualised in the far-range window. If the vehicle moves closer to a boundary line at the edge of the road without indicating, this line is displayed in orange. Two green lines appear after switching on Travel Assist, which keeps the car in the middle of the lane. When following another vehicle, the display marks the vehicle in front with a coloured stripe as soon as Adaptive Cruise Control or Travel Assist is activated. When the assist systems are switched off, the driver sees a red warning signal if they drive dangerously close to the vehicle in front.
The technical heart
The technical heart of the AR HUD is the picture generation unit display located deep inside the dash panel. The beam bundles generated by an especially bright LCD display are transmitted onto two flat mirrors, and special lenses separate the portions for the close and far range display levels. The flat mirrors deflect the beams onto a large, electrically adjustable concave mirror. From here, the beams reach the windscreen and thus enter the driver’s field of view. The driver sees the symbols with the same sharp definition as the real world at an apparent distance of just under 10 metres.
The images are generated by an AR creator located in one of the two central computers in the ID. models. The AR creator calculates the positioning of the symbols corresponding to the surroundings. To make these calculations, it receives information from the raw data of the front camera, radar sensor and navigation map. The displays that appear in the large window are stabilised with respect to the vehicle’s movements and adapted to the geometry of the optical projection system.
The ID.3 (left) and ID.4 are the first members of Volkswagen’s all-electric ID. family to go on sale.
“We have introduced a genuine innovation not in a premium vehicle, but in the compact models of the all-electric ID. family. Making pioneering technologies available to a large number of customers is a core competency of Volkswagen,” said Frank Welsch, Member of the Board of Management for Development at Volkswagen.
At Geneva in 2010, Peugeot displayed the SR1 concept car which represented a new era at Peugeot Design. A new head of design and team had come up with new styling concepts and among them was the i-Cockpit. This was an innovation in dashboard design which met with positive response, leading Peugeot to introduce it in production models within 2 years.
The first model to have the i-Cockpit was the 208 in 2012, giving the popular hatchback a new iconic feature that would become an element in the brand’s DNA. With the i-Cockpit, key information is directly within the driver’s line of sight, reducing the need to take the eyes off the road.
It’s almost like the Head-Up Display (HUD) except that it does not project information on the windscreen ahead of the driver. It is therefore not as expensive to incorporate but at the same time differs from traditional instrument panel layout and positioning.
Why does it work better?
To design the i-Cockpit, ergonomics, visibility and architecture must be taken into account, ensuring all body types are comfortable with maximum outward visibility. To achieve this, anthropometric data was studied on a global scale. It isn’t just the driver’s height that matters; their chest to leg ratio that needs to be assessed. For example, some people have a longer torso compared to their leg length. But for others, it’s quite the opposite. If the average height of a man is 1.76 metres, the length of his torso varies from 87 to 98 cm. This has a direct impact on the positioning of his vision.
This anthropometric data made it possible to calculate the range of adjustment for the seats or steering wheel. This reinforces the feeling of being in a ‘cocoon’ and optimises ergonomics, whatever the driver’s size.
Elements of the i-Cockpit
The main elements of the i-Cockpit are the compact steering wheel, raised instrument display, large HD touchscreen in line of sight, and a series of piano keys (or toggle switches) allowing direct and permanent access to the main comfort functions.
The i-Cockpit uses a 3-level arrangement for efficient ergonomics and driving comfort. Like a HUD, the information falls within the driver’s line of sight so that he or she does not need to take their eyes off the road ahead, improving safety. With traditional layouts, the eyes usually have to be diverted downwards a bit to view the meters, momentarily drawing the driver’s vision away from the road.
An unusual feature on the tachometer is the way it sweeps around the face. In conventional meters, the sweep would be clockwise, from the lower left around to the right. For the i-Cockpit, the sweep is counter-clockwise so the pointer rests on the right side when at idle. The designers were perhaps obsessed with having symmetry in the motion, with the speedometer (on the left side) sweeping clockwise. It’s disconcerting for new drivers but something that an owner would get used to.
The cockpit ergonomics are also part of the i-Cockpit with a wraparound layout to put switches and knobs within easy reach. The steering wheel has paddles which allow manual selection of gears, if preferred, without removing the hands from the steering wheel.
The 3D cluster
To date, over 5 million motorists have the i-Cockpit in their Peugeot vehicles. The concept continues to evolve and the latest innovation is the 3D i-Cockpit instrument cluster offered in the latest 208 which is the 2020 European Car of the Year. Visteon Corporation collaborated with Peugeot in the development of the more advanced i-Cockpit, said to be the industry’s first fully digital cluster displaying holographic objects. The instrument cluster represents the first real 3D cluster in automotive production.
The digital cluster displays advanced reflections to create the impressions of 3D graphics. The cluster is composed of a high-definition 10.25-inch ‘background’ thin-film transistor (TFT) and a 7-inch ‘foreground’ TFT projected on a semi-reflective blade.
The leading-edge display creates a 3D projection of approximately 15 mm between the front and rear images. This projects information like a hologram and the information is dynamic and animated. It can get closer to the eye depending on the degree of importance or urgency, and potentially increasing driver reactivity by half a second.
The 3D cluster is the first of several variants in the Groupe PSA brand line-up that will be launched over the coming years in a number of sizes. Identifiable by the two TFTs surrounded by tell-tale satellites, it also provides high-quality graphical content with animations and 3D content on both screens, in a complex and calibrated mechanical structure.
The Lincoln Navigator has been given some pretty interesting tech that will help curb distracted driving as well as make vehicular information more presentable. It has been fitted with advanced head-up-display (HUD) technology that is fully customisable. This is the same digital light processing that is used in movie theaters.
Ford says that the display remains clearly visible on the windshield despite being hit with direct sun light or, when viewed through polarized sunglasses. The system consists of a tiny chip that contains 400,000 sturdy mirrors, each with a pixel refresh rate of up to 5,000 hertz operating in synchronized movement to control the system’s optics.
The picture is then projected in full colour, upwards, providing an illusion that it’s float just above the vehicle’s hood. The emphasis, of a system such as this is, reducing screen clutter and focusing on the timing and size of the information. The chosen info is projected as and when needed. And as its importance increases, its displayed more prominently.
“A typical head-up display duplicates information displayed on the cluster,” said Anthony King, development lead on Lincoln’s all-new head-up display. “But this display makes for a unique and easy-to-use experience for our clients.”
He later added, “This eminently visible head-up display and the instrument cluster serve to complement each other to ensure Lincoln clients look forward to every time behind the wheel.”
Current speed and stipulated speed limits remain visible at all times, but other information, change when the driver receive a call or when a navigation prompt is needed. Due to its relative importance, this information is displayed clearly and brightly with greater prominence.
HUD technology isn’t new, several upmarket cars have utilized it for years to keep drivers’ eyes on the road at all times. But Lincoln’s approach, is just a little bit smarter, its system does the thinking for the driver, negating the need for him/her to faff about with the display settings.
