Di pameran kereta New York 2024, eksekutif Nissan Ponz Pandikuthira dan Alfonso Albaisa mengumumkan berita menarik untuk peminat Nissan. Mereka mengesahkan bahawa kereta sport ikonik GT-R dan Z akan diteruskan ke generasi akan datang.
R35 GT-R, yang telah wujud selama 16 tahun, mencapai penghujungnya, ditandai dengan edisi khas. Pandikuthira mendedahkan bahawa GT-R generasi akan datang akan menumpukan pada ketulenan, kekal pada asalnya sebagai kereta trek berprestasi tinggi. Walaupun butiran mengenai rangkaian kuasa masih diusahakan, Nissan menggunakan Formula E sebagai medan ujian untuk teknologi kenderaan elektrik, menunjukkan komitmen mereka terhadap inovasi.
Albaisa membayangkan reka bentuk GT-R baharu, mencadangkan ia akan mengekalkan ciri utama seperti tempat duduk untuk empat orang dan rupa yang garang, sambil meneroka idea penggayaan baharu. Pasukan reka bentuk Nissan sedang mempertimbangkan konsep berbeza untuk R36 GT-R, termasuk kemas kini kepada elemen tandatangan seperti reka bentuk lampu belakang.
Bagi barisan Z, Pandikuthira memberi jaminan bahawa model semasa akan memenuhi peraturan pelepasan buat sementara waktu, memberikan masa kepada Nissan untuk membangunkan versi seterusnya. Albaisa menekankan kepentingan untuk keluar dari tradisi dengan Z baharu, sama ada dengan mengimbau kembali semangat 240Z asal atau dengan memperkenalkan reka bentuk baharu.
Nissan berdedikasi untuk mengembangkan barisan kereta sukannya, memastikan generasi masa depan GT-R dan Z menghormati warisan mereka sambil menerima inovasi dan prestasi.
Nissan baru sahaja mengeluarkan GT-R 2025 di Jepun, membuatkan peminat kereta sangat teruja. Versi baharu kereta sport terkenal ini akan tersedia pada bulan Jun. Walaupun ia tidak mempunyai banyak perubahan mekanikal, ia mempunyai beberapa peningkatan yang menarik, terutamanya dalam versi T-spec Edisi Premium dan Edisi Trek. Model ini mendapat beberapa bahagian berprestasi tinggi daripada Edisi Khas Nismo, seperti piston ring dan rod khas. Pembeli juga mendapat beberapa ciri istimewa, seperti plak dengan nama pembina dan plat emas dengan nombor casis.
Nissan juga mendengar apa yang pelanggan mahukan dan menambah pilihan dalaman baharu yang dipanggil Blue Heaven untuk Edisi Premium. Ia membuatkan bahagian dalam kereta terasa lebih mewah. Edisi Premium berharga sekitar 15,587,000 yen (kira-kira RM493,489), Edisi Pure bermula pada 14,443,000 yen (kira-kira RM457,270), dan Nismo Edisi Khas teratas ialah 30,613,000 yen (kira-kira RM969,344).
Tetapi Nissan memberi amaran mungkin tidak cukup kereta untuk dilalui. Mereka mungkin tidak dapat membuat seberapa banyak yang orang mahu, jadi beberapa pesanan mungkin tidak dapat diisi. Terdapat juga khabar angin bahawa 2025 boleh menjadi tahun terakhir untuk model GT-R ini.
Laporan mengatakan Nissan hanya akan membuat 1,500 GT-R untuk 2025, dengan 300 daripadanya ialah versi Nismo berprestasi tinggi. Nissan bimbang untuk mendapatkan beberapa bahagian untuk kereta itu pada masa hadapan, jadi mereka mungkin berhenti membuatnya selepas tahun ini.
Ini akan menjadi penamat kepada larian hebat untuk GT-R, yang pertama kali dikeluarkan pada tahun 2007. Tetapi Nissan mungkin mempunyai sesuatu yang baharu. Mereka telah menunjukkan beberapa konsep, seperti konsep Hyper Force, yang mencadangkan mereka mungkin membuat GT-R serba elektrik pada masa hadapan, mungkin menjelang akhir dekad ini.
Nissan’s recent launch of the 2025 GT-R in Japan has ignited excitement among enthusiasts, with the latest iteration of the iconic supercar set to hit the market in June. Despite minimal mechanical changes, the new model introduces notable enhancements, particularly in the Premium Edition T-spec and Track Edition variants. These models inherit high-performance hardware from the Nismo Special Edition, including weight-balanced piston rings, connecting rods, and crankshafts. Additionally, buyers of these models are treated to exclusive features such as an aluminium plaque displaying the builder’s name and a gold-coloured plate showcasing the chassis number.
In response to consumer preferences, Nissan has introduced a new interior trim option, dubbed Blue Heaven, for the Premium Edition variant, adding a touch of luxury to the driving experience. The pricing for the 2025 GT-R varies across the lineup, with the Premium Edition priced at around 15,587,000 yen (around RM493,489), the Pure Edition starting at 14,443,000 yen (around RM457,270), and the top-tier Nismo Special Edition commanding a hefty price tag of 30,613,000 yen (around RM969,344).
Despite the anticipation surrounding the release, Nissan has issued a cautionary note regarding production limitations, hinting at the possibility of demand outstripping supply and resulting in order refusals. Furthermore, rumours circulating in the automotive community, fuelled by reports from Japanese publication Mag-X, suggest that 2025 could mark the final year of production for the R35 GT-R.
According to these reports, Nissan plans to assemble only 1,500 units of the JDM-spec GT-R for the 2025 model year, with a limited quantity of 300 units allocated for the high-performance Nismo derivative. The decision to discontinue the GT-R is attributed to potential challenges in sourcing certain parts in the future, as indicated by Nissan’s communication with its dealers.
The impending discontinuation of the R35 GT-R marks the end of an era for the iconic model, which has enjoyed a remarkable production run since its inception in December 2007. With its development dating back to 2000, the GT-R has undergone several evolutions over the years, culminating in the current model. However, Nissan has hinted at the possibility of a new chapter with concepts like the Hyper Force concept unveiled at last year’s Japan Mobility Show, hinting at the potential for an all-electric GT-R in the future, expected to materialise by the end of the decade.
Dalam dunia supercar, Nissan GT-R telah menjadi legenda, dan ia sedang bersedia untuk mengucapkan selamat tinggal dengan edisi khas terakhir pada tahun 2025.
Sejak pertama kali dikeluarkan pada tahun 2007, GT-R telah terkenal dengan prestasi yang luar biasa, membuatkan peminat kereta teruja.
Menurut laporan dari sumber dalaman, Nissan akan mendedahkan edisi khas ini pada 14 Mac. Mereka merancang untuk membuat hanya 1,500 daripadanya, dengan sekitar 300 adalah model Nismo berprestasi tinggi. Masih belum jelas sama ada edisi khas ini hanya akan dijual di Jepun atau di seluruh dunia.
Kami tidak tahu banyak tentang model akhir lagi, tetapi memandangkan GT-R mendapat kemas kini besar pada 2024 dengan penampilan baharu, kami mungkin tidak akan melihat banyak perubahan untuk 2025. Mungkin mereka akan mengubah suai aerodinamik sedikit atau menawarkan pilihan yang berbeza.
Jika laporan itu benar dan 2025 adalah penghujung barisan untuk R35 GT-R, peminat boleh mengharapkan sentuhan istimewa pada kereta itu, seperti lencana atau pelekat khas.
Di bawah bonet, versi biasa mungkin akan mengekalkan enjin V6 twin-turbo 3.8 liter yang sama daripada model 2024, yang memberikan tork 565hp dan 632Nm. GT-R Nismo mungkin mendapat peningkatan kuasa kepada 600hp dan 651Nm tork.
Apabila GT-R mula-mula keluar, ia adalah salah satu kereta yang paling laju yang boleh anda beli, mengalahkan pesaing yang harganya lebih mahal. Tetapi sejak 17 tahun yang lalu, supercar lain yang lebih ringan dan lebih pantas telah muncul dan meninggalkan GT-R di belakang.
Walaupun R35 GT-R mungkin mengucapkan selamat tinggal, Nissan sedang bersedia untuk memperkenalkan versi baharu tidak lama lagi. Pada Pameran Mobiliti Jepun 2023, Nissan mempamerkan konsep Hyper Force, sebuah kereta yang diilhamkan oleh GT-R tetapi dikuasakan oleh motor elektrik, dengan kuasa 1,341hp.
In the realm of supercars, the Nissan GT-R has carved out a legendary status, and now, it’s preparing to bid farewell with a final, limited-edition model slated for the 2025 model year.
Since its debut in 2007, the R35 generation GT-R has cemented its reputation as a relentless supercar challenger, boasting remarkable performance figures that have kept enthusiasts enthralled.
According to insider sources cited by Japanese publication Mag X, Nissan is poised to unveil the curtain call for the GT-R on March 14, with reports suggesting that only 1,500 units will roll off the production line, including approximately 300 Nismo models. However, it remains uncertain whether these exclusive editions will be reserved solely for the Japanese market or offered globally.
While specifics about the final model remain elusive, considering the significant visual refresh the 2024 GT-R received just a year ago – with updated front and rear fascias – major overhauls for the 2025 version seem improbable. Perhaps minor aerodynamic tweaks or adjustments to trim levels may be in the cards, but a complete redesign appears unlikely, especially for a model destined to bow out after a limited production run of 1,500 units.
Should the reports hold and 2025 indeed mark the swan song for the R35 GT-R, enthusiasts can anticipate commemorative touches adorning the sports car, such as special badges or decals.
Under the hood, the regular variant is expected to retain the familiar 3.8-litre twin-turbo V6 engine from the 2024 model, delivering 565hp and 632Nm of torque. Meanwhile, the GT-R Nismo variant could receive a power bump to 600hp and 651Nm of torque.
The 2020 Nissan GT-R NISMO
Upon its debut, the GT-R made waves in the supercar world. It stood as one of the fastest production cars globally, surpassing rivals at significantly higher price points. However, over the past 17 years, the supercar landscape has evolved, with lighter and more potent competitors entering the fray, effortlessly outclassing the GT-R.
While the 2025 GT-R may draw the curtains on the R35 era, Nissan is poised to usher in a successor in the near future. At the recent Japan Mobility Show 2023, Nissan teased enthusiasts with a glimpse of the future through the Hyper Force concept – a GT-R-inspired model propelled by electric motors, boasting 1,341 bhp.
Di acara Japan Mobility Show, Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. telah mendedahkan penciptaan revolusioner – Nissan Hyper Force. Pendedahan ini menandakan puncak kepada siri kenderaan konsep “hyper” dan ia berjanji untuk memberikan gabungan prestasi yang memukau, kelestarian alam yang luar biasa, dan keselesaan pemanduan harian yang tiada tandingan.
Kuasa dan Prestasi Elektrik Di bawah reka bentuk licin Nissan Hyper Force terdapat kuasa elektrik sepenuhnya yang luar biasa. Ciri teras ini mempamerkan pecutan yang tepat dan cepat, disertai dengan bateri pepejal sepenuhnya yang boleh menghasilkan hasil yang luar biasa sehingga 1,300hp. Kuasa elektrik ini menakrifkan semula pengalaman pemanduan prestasi tinggi.
Kawalan Canggih dan Daya Penurunan Nissan Hyper Force bukan hanya mengenai kuasa mentah. Ia direka untuk menawarkan kawalan yang tepat, bahkan di jalan berliku dan litar perlumbaan. Kejayaan ini dicapai melalui teknologi kawalan semua roda e-4ORCE yang canggih, disokong oleh badan karbon yang ringan tetapi kukuh yang direka untuk meningkatkan penjuru dan kawalan.
Keunggulan Aerodinamik Reka bentuk Nissan Hyper Force adalah seni yang tiada tandingan. Dengan kerjasama bersama pasukan perlumbaan NISMO yang terkenal, Nissan telah mencipta kenderaan dengan profil aerodinamik yang menghasilkan daya penurunan yang kuat. Ini bukan sekadar untuk pertunjukan; ia adalah ciri yang dirancang dengan teliti untuk mengoptimumkan prestasi dan penyejukkan. Keputusan yang menarik, dari struktur aerodinamik bertingkat dua di hadapan hingga pembezah belakang berlevel dua, memberikan prestasi yang menetapkan piawaian baru.
Mod Pemanduan Ganda Nissan Hyper Force menawarkan dua mod pemanduan yang berbeza. Mod “R”, dengan penuh semangat dinamakan untuk perlumbaan, mengubah kabin menjadi kokpit berenergi tinggi yang berpusat pada pemandu, menggalakkan fokus dan ketepatan. Sementara itu, mod “GT” mengubah suasana kabin menjadi persekitaran yang selesa dan membenam sesuai untuk turing besar. Peralihan antara mod memberikan transformasi lancar kepada kedua-dua interior dan pengalaman pemanduan.
Hiburan Infotainmen Canggih Kerjasama Nissan dengan Polyphony Digital Inc. telah menghasilkan antara muka pengguna grafik yang inovatif. Antara muka ini bertindak balas terhadap mod pemanduan yang dipilih dan menawarkan data waktu nyata mengenai metrik prestasi penting. Dalam mod “R”, kabin menerangi dalam warna merah yang penuh semangat, menekankan peranan pemandu sebagai tuan jalan. Dengan data penting yang tersedia dengan sekilas, pemandu dapat menjaga fokus pada litar. Mod “GT” mencipta kabin yang damai dengan antara muka infotainmen yang menumpukan kepada keselesaan dan kemudahan untuk pemanduan harian.
Keselamatan dan Autonomi Nissan Hyper Force tidak berkompromi pada keselamatan. Ia mempunyai keupayaan pemanduan autonomi yang canggih dengan LIDAR hiper dan rangkaian sensor yang diselaraskan untuk sukan. Inovasi-inovasi ini memastikan tahap keselamatan yang tinggi, sama ada anda melayari jalan raya bandar atau mengharungi litar perlumbaan.
Masa Depan Integrasi Permainan dan Pemanduan Sebenar Dengan menggabungkan realiti tambahan (AR) dan realiti maya (VR), Nissan Hyper Force mencipta dimensi baru pemanduan. Pemandu, semasa berhenti, boleh memakai topi khas untuk meresapi diri dalam pengalaman pemanduan VR yang menawarkan perlumbaan menentang masa atau berkompetisi dengan pemain dalam talian. Selain itu, dengan menggunakan penutup rangkaian untuk AR, pemandu boleh mencabar bayangan digital mereka sendiri di litar dunia nyata, memberikan cara yang selamat tetapi mengujakan untuk menolak had kemahiran mereka.
Pada hakikatnya, Nissan Hyper Force melambangkan visi Nissan untuk supercar elektrik prestasi tinggi generasi seterusnya. Menggabungkan kelestarian alam, kuasa yang memukau, dan keselamatan yang canggih, ia menetapkan piawaian baru untuk masa depan pemanduan. Walaupun butiran teknikal yang khusus, pelan pengeluaran, dan tarikh keluaran mungkin masih dalam pembangunan, kereta konsep ini menunjukkan arah ke hadapan kepada masa depan automotif yang menarik.
At the highly anticipated Japan Mobility Show, Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. has unveiled a groundbreaking creation – the Nissan Hyper Force. This unveiling marks the climax of a series of “hyper” concept vehicles, and it promises to deliver an unparalleled fusion of electrifying performance, exceptional environmental friendliness, and daily driving comfort.
Electrifying Power and Performance
Under the sleek exterior of the Nissan Hyper Force lies an exceptional all-electric powertrain. This core feature showcases precise and rapid acceleration, coupled with an all-solid-state battery that can unleash a remarkable output of up to 1,300hp. This electric powerhouse promises to redefine the experience of high-performance driving.
Advanced Handling and Downforce
The Nissan Hyper Force isn’t just about raw power. It’s engineered to offer precise handling, even on winding roads and racetracks. This feat is achieved through the cutting-edge e-4ORCE all-wheel control technology, complemented by a lightweight yet robust carbon body designed to enhance cornering and handling.
Aerodynamic Excellence
The Nissan Hyper Force’s design is nothing short of artistry. Collaborating with the renowned NISMO racing team, Nissan has crafted a vehicle with an aerodynamic profile that generates powerful downforce. This isn’t just for show; it’s a feature carefully designed to optimise both performance and cooling. The results are striking, from the front’s two-tiered aerodynamic structure to the dual-level rear diffuser, delivering performance that sets new standards.
Dual Driving Modes
The Nissan Hyper Force offers two distinct driving modes. “R” mode, aptly named for racing, transforms the cabin into a high-energy cockpit centered around the driver, encouraging focus and precision. Meanwhile, “GT” mode shifts the cabin ambiance into a comfortable, immersive environment suitable for grand touring. The switch between modes provides a seamless transformation of both the interior and the driving experience.
Cutting-Edge Infotainment
Nissan’s collaboration with Polyphony Digital Inc. has led to an innovative graphical user interface. This interface responds to the selected driving mode and offers real-time data on critical performance metrics. In “R” mode, the cabin illuminates in passionate red, emphasizing the driver’s role as the master of the road. With crucial data available at a glance, drivers can maintain focus on the track. “GT” mode creates a serene, blue-lit cabin with an infotainment interface focused on comfort and convenience for everyday driving.
Safety and Autonomy
The Nissan Hyper Force doesn’t compromise on safety. It features advanced autonomous driving capabilities with hyper LIDAR and an array of sport-tuned sensors. These innovations ensure a high level of safety, whether you’re navigating city streets or tackling a racetrack.
The Future of Gaming and Real Driving Integration
Incorporating augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), the Nissan Hyper Force creates a new dimension of driving. Drivers, when stationary, can don a specialized helmet to immerse themselves in VR driving experiences that offer racing against the clock or competing with online gamers. Additionally, using skeleton visors for AR, drivers can challenge their own digital ghosts on real-world tracks, providing a safe but exhilarating way to push the limits of their skills.
In essence, the Nissan Hyper Force symbolises Nissan’s vision for a next-generation electric high-performance supercar. Combining eco-friendliness, electrifying power, and cutting-edge safety, it sets a new benchmark for the future of driving. Though specific technical details, production plans, and release dates may still be in development, this concept car points the way forward to an exciting automotive future.
It was 2007 when Nissan unveiled the GT-R at the Tokyo Motor Show, which makes it 14 years now that it has been in production. In comparison, the last Nissan Z was in production for 11 years and a new one was revealed last month for sale in 2022. However, the appeal of the GT-R has not diminished all these years, kept glowing by successes on the racetrack.
Over the years, Nissan has introduced special editions to keep interest high and also as evolutionary updates. Typically, performance has been improved in various areas, usually with work done by NISMO.
Unveiling of the Nissan GT-R at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2007.
JDM only
The latest edition unveiled today is for the Japanese market only, although some units might appear overseas eventually. This new version comes in two grades – GT-R Premium Edition T-spec and GT-R Track Edition Engineered by NISMO T-spec.
The two editions are equipped with exclusive carbon ceramic brakes, a carbonfibre rear spoiler and an exclusive engine cover. Customers will be able to choose from two new body colours, Midnight Purple and Millennium Jade, as part of the T-spec options.
‘Trend’ and ‘Traction’
‘T-spec’ refers to ‘trend and traction’, the former relating to the GT-R as being ahead of the times, and the latter to the robust grip which the engineers have always worked hard on. Developed with a focus on enhanced driving performance, the GT-R Track Edition engineered by NISMO T-spec is specially equipped with an exclusive carbonfibre roof and bootlid as well.
Also fitted as Rays forged alloy wheels (bronze), and suspension that takes advantage of weight reductions below the springs. An expanded wheel-rim width has increased tire rigidity, enabling smooth and sensitive handling.
Same 3.8-litre powertrain
Under the bonnet, the Japanese-spec powertrain is used, which is a twin-turbo 3.8-litre V6 petrol engine (VR38DETT) and a 6-speed dual-clutch transmission with all 4 wheels powered. In NISMO tune, the output can be up to 600 ps/637 Nm.
The production run will be limited to only 100 units and as orders are expected to exceed that number when sales start in the second half of October, Nissan will select purchasers by lottery.
After being approved for limited production, work began on the production version of the Nissan GT-R50 by Italdesign which was shown in June last year. While Italdesign, which has a history that goes pack as far as 1968, developed and engineered the model, Nissan’s design centres in the UK and California worked on the exterior and interior designs.
“Designers dream of creating from a blank canvas, but with GT-R, it is a canvas that has been shaped by an adventurous history, a heart powered by NISMO, and a soul reflecting 50 years of dreams of engineers, designers, artisans, developers, racers and leaders,” said Alfonso Albaisa, Nissan’s Senior Vice-President of Global Design. “The best of Japan and Italy combined with help from our California and London studios are painting on the best canvas any designer can possibly have!”
All images show rendering of the production version of the Nissan GT-R50 by Italdesign
The production version will go on display at the Geneva Motor Show in March next year and the first customers should receive their cars before the end of 2020. Customer demand has been strong, with a significant number of deposits already taken based on a starting price of 990,000 euros (equivalent to RM4.58 million) for each o the 50 cars that will be produced. Each unit can be personalised to the customer’s requirements.
Meanwhile, fans can see the prototype model at the 2019 NISMO Festival which is on this Sunday. It will subsequently be shown at Nissan Crossing in Tokyo’s Ginza district for the rest of the month, and at the Tokyo Auto Salon in January 2020.
“Our customers have relished the personalized experience provided by Italdesign, who have a long tradition in the exclusive field of ultra-rare, bespoke high-performance vehicles,” said Bob Laishley, Global Sports Car Program Director at Nissan. “Their experience with the GT-R50 has been incredible and I can say first-hand that each car will certainly be a standalone masterpiece.”
Powering each GT-R50 by Italdesign is a NISMO-tuned 720 ps/780 Nm hand-built 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V6 (VR38DETT). The engine draws on Nissan extensive GT3 competition experience and knowledge. The E-TS ATTESA all-wheel drive system will deliver power to all four 21-inch wheels. The suspension will be revised with the Bilstein DampTronic system and an upgraded Brembo braking system will be installed for stronger stopping power.
At the time of writing, Nissan says that there are still ‘a limited number of reservations’ left so if you want one, you need to contact Italdesign quickly. The address for e-mail is aporta.gtr50@italdesign.com.
Each year, NISMO, Nissan’s motorsports and high-performance division, holds the NISMO Festival which gives fans an opportunity to get up close with their favourite Nissan racing cars and drivers. Tomorrow (December 8) will see the 22nd edition of the event at Japan’s Fuji Speedway.
This year’s event, which coincides with the 35th anniversary of NISMO’s establishment, is also a special one as it will highlight the 50th anniversary of Nissan’s legendary GT-R and Z models. To represent the GT-R, the festival will feature the KPGC10 ‘Hakosuka’ Skyline 2000 GT-R which won the JAF GP (Japan Automobile Federation Grand Prix) in 1969; the legendary Group A BNR32 Skyline GT-R; and the 2019 Super GT GT-R racing cars.
The 1969 Skyline 2000 GT-R (KPGC10) was a high-performance sedan for touring car races with the world’s first 4-valve DOHC engine for production cars. It made its race debut at the JAF Grand Prix at the Fuji International Speedway in May 1969.
The festivities will also highlight the Fairlady Z – which began with the 240Z as it was known outside Japan – there will be several well-preserved examples ranging from road cruisers to fully bespoke racing machines representing NISMO’s rich history and association with the legendary sportscar. Along with a few other models, the ‘Z’ made a strong impression in the American market in the 1970s, strengthening the Datsun brand which was later changed to ‘Nissan’.
The first generation Fairlady Z (S30), also known as Datsun 240Z or Z-car outside Japan, was launched in December 1969. This model was manufactured for 9 years and its global sales exceeded 520,000 units. This car was powered by a S20 inline DOHC 24-valve 6-cylinder engine which produced 160 ps.
Current Nissan and NISMO cars that embody the Nissan Intelligent Mobility vision, the company’s approach to changing how cars are powered, driven and integrated with society, will also be on display, as well as the new, all-electric Formula E race car and the LEAF NISMO RC – both sporting a new kimono-inspired livery.
LEAF NISMO RC sporting a new kimono-inspired livery.
NISMO Festival-goers will have a chance to experience an exhilarating Time Attack event with specially tuned GT-Rs and walk around the first ‘owner’s parking’ area, made exclusive for owners to park their prized GT-R or Z and share their passion with each other.
“The NISMO Festival is an event we have nurtured with great care,” said NISMO President Takao Katagiri, who oversees Nissan’s NISMO road car business. “I hope many of our fans, drivers, team directors, team staff and NISMO employees will join us in creating a fun day again this year.”
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The prototype Nissan GT-R50 by Italdesign will also be on display at the event. 50 unis are being made to celebrate the model’s 50th anniversary.
