In 1967, Mazda became the first carmaker to mass-produce rotary engines. These lightweight yet powerful engines aided the firm, which was producing 300,000 automobiles per year at the time, in gaining admirers all over the world.
The Mazda RX-8 was the last model that featured a 13B rotary engine, and manufacturing ended in 2012. However, for the first time in 11 years, the legendary rotary engine has found fresh life as a generator for a new plug-in hybrid car.
Before Mazda officially confirmed the return of the rotary engine in January, there had been years of Internet rumours about the rotary engine’s comeback since the production of the RX-8 came to an end 11 years ago.
When we hear the mention of the rotary engine, we immediately think of the RX-7 or RX-8. Sadly, that was not the case here. Mazda officially confirmed the return of the rotary engine in January, but to our disappointment, it presented the MX-30 e-Skyactiv R-EV, a tiny crossover with a plug-in hybrid powertrain.
On June 22, the company’s Ujina Plant No. 1 in Hiroshima, Japan, began mass manufacturing of the unconventional petrol engine acting as a range extender.
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The Wankel rotary engine was first used in a car in 1964 and it seemed like a revolutionary concept that many carmakers licensed it to use for their models. However, virtually all found it to have issues which they didn’t want to waste time and money trying to address and gave up. Only Mazda worked hard to commercialize the rotary engine and succeeded in doing so from 1967.
Unfortunately, some of the characteristics of the rotary engine – high emissions and consumption – were unacceptable as the world grew more environment conscious. By 2012, Mazda had no choice but to stop using the rotary engine and it seemed that it was gone forever. From time to time, there would be rumours of its return and Mazda insiders would say ‘we are working on it but still need time…’. The last time the rumour was strong was with the Vision Study Coupe concept.
Today, the rotary engine returns but not in the way enthusiasts would expect it. It is not used as a primary propulsion system but is instead adapted for use more as a power generator in the plug-in hybrid (PHEV) powertrain of the new MX-30 e-Skyactiv R-EV model.
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The history of the Mazda BT-50 goes back over 50 years and along the way, in the mid-1970s, the carmaker developed and sold the first and only production pick-up truck with a rotary engine. As is well known, Mazda was the only company that successfully commercialised the rotary engine (also known as the Wankel engine) and installed it in a number of models.
With its commitment to the rotary engine, it was only natural that it would look for as many models as possible to use the powerplant and seven years after launching the world’s first production car with a rotary engine, in 1974, the company developed a variant of the second-generation B-Series truck with a powerful rotary engine.
The truck had a simple name: Rotary Pick-Up and used the 1.3-litre (13B) 4-cylinder version with two rotors. According to the American Road & Track magazine, the power output was 110 bhp/158 Nm and fuel consumption was 14.3 kms/litre. It went from 0 to 60 mph (96.5 km/h) in 11 seconds, certainly a lot quicker than other trucks.
Priced at US$3,500 then, the Rotary Pick-Up was sold mostly in North America. Production at the Hiroshima factory began in 1974 and continued till 1977 and some 15,000 units were believed to have been made.
The 1970s were a time when the energy crisis was on and the rotary engine’s inherent drawback of high consumption quickly diminished it popularity. During that decade too, emission control regulations became tougher and the Mazda engineers found it difficult to make the rotary engine cleaner. So the Rotary Pick-Up never continued into the next generation although the B-Series went on and even became a jointly-developed product with Ford which called their model the Ranger.
To know more about today’s Mazda pick-up truck, the BT-50, visit www.mazda.com.my.
Mazda today celebrated its 100th anniversary with a ceremony at its Hiroshima headquarters that starts a year of events during which the company will remember its past and look to the future. 100 years ago, Mazda was not a car-producer but was a producer of cork in Hiroshima. It was when Jujiro Matsuda, an industrialist, took charge of Toyo Cork Kogyo Co. Ltd. in 1921 that the business transformed first into a machine tool producer and then a manufacturer of motor vehicles.
The first model was a 3-wheeled truck – the Mazda-Go – that went on sale in 1931. It proved popular and underwent continual improvement with innovations such as a 4-speed transmission in 1938 that reduced fuel consumption by 20%. Hiroshima was targeted by an atomic bomb during World War II and Mazda, like virtually every business in the city, suffered greatly. But a strong spirit persevered and truck manufacturing resumed only a few months after the destruction.
Commercial vehicles remained in the focus after the war and the first passenger car arrived in 1960 with the Mazda R360. The car was a hit in Japan’s popular kei-car segment, contributing to the motorisation of Japan and starting the path to the successful line-up of Mazda models that we see today.
Mazda is closely associated with the rotary engine, having successfully commercialised it when others thought it was not feasible. In 1961, the company signed a licensing deal with German carmaker NSU to develop and produce its new compact, lightweight Wankel rotary engines. The determined Japanese engineers finally came out with the futuristic Mazda Cosmo Sport 110S in 1967, the world’s first production model with a rotary engine.
It was the start of a remarkable success story that would see the brand launch numerous models with the unique engine including the RX-7 and over time, almost two million rotary-powered cars were sold. The 4-rotor Mazda 787B won the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991, the first Asian manufacturer to do so – and the only victorious car with a non-piston engine – and proving Mazda’s technological prowess on the track.
The courage to question common practices and forge new paths in engineering and design that others considered unfeasible has driven the team at Mazda since the beginning. Besides the rotary engine, Mazda also created the world’s best-selling 2-seat roadster – the Mazda MX-5 – which has sold over one million cars since its launch in 1989. Its SKYACTIV Technology has optimised vehicle design and engineering while Jinba Ittai provides the strong connection between car and driver in all Mazda models today.
The next 100 years
Mazda’s superior engineering is complemented by its design excellence that currently uses the KODO – Soul of Motion design language. The emphasis on design is so strong at the company that the designers have the fullest support from the manufacturing side which sees it as a challenge to reproduce the design features that may be omitted in other companies due to production constraints.
“Mazda originated as a company producing cork and then took the path to manufacturing automobiles. Now, our cars have found friends with many customers from over 130 countries and regions. As we look ahead to the next 100 years, we will continue to put people first and cherish our ‘uniqueness of co-creating with others.’ As we strengthen co-creation and cooperation with all those connected with the company, we will continue to challenge ourselves to create unique products, technologies, and experiences that our customers love,” said President & CEO, Akira Marumoto.
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Visit www.mazda.com.my to find out more about the wide range of models available in Malaysia.
Although most people only came to know about the rotary engine in the 1970s, Felix Wankel, who developed it, had received a patent in Germany as far back as 1929 and produced a working prototype at NSU (which would later become part of Audi) in 1957. The rotary engine was uniquely different from the reciprocating internal combustion engine and had besides its compactness and low weight, it also generated a high power output from a smaller displacement.
The engine was of great interest to many carmakers and at least 12 – including even Rolls-Royce – took licences to develop their own versions. However, apart from Mazda, which persevered to make it commercially viable and produced a number of models with rotary engines, the other companies eventually gave up work on it as they could not find solutions to its drawbacks.
Mercedes-Benz was interested
At Mercedes-Benz, the rotary engine certainly generated much interest. The company’s R&D department worked on it during the early 1960s, with a prototype SLX sportscar proposed using the engine. Even though the power and smoothness were attractions, fuel consumption and emissions were high and by 1976, Mercedes-Benz decided to end its rotary engine work.
However, during the development period, the company decided to use the rotary engine as a highlight of a futuristic super sportscar – the C 111. The designation had started off as ‘C 101’ but Peugeot was known to be very protective of its model numbering system which had a ‘0’ in the middle of the 3 digits (eg 304, 505, etc) and Mercedes-Benz decided to avoid any issues with the French carmaker by changing to ‘C-111’. In fact, it is believed that Peugeot had even approached Mazda to get it to change the designation of its 808 model in the 1970s but the request was probably not entertained.
Debut of the C 111
It was displayed at the 1969 Frankfurt Motor Show as an experimental vehicle with only 12 units produced. Wealthy customers imagined the C 111 to be a successor to the legendary 300 SL ‘Gullwing’ of 1954 and even sent blank cheques to factory to try to get one!
The C 111 was a fascinating mid-engine sportscar which allowed the engineers to explore the performance of the rotary engine. The first one used in 1969 had a 3-rotor design with a chamber volume of 3 times 600 cc which could produce 280 bhp. After further development, the second version of the C 111 presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 1970 featured a 4-rotor engine with 4 times 600 cc and 350 bhp.
Running technology platform
Alongside the rotary engine, other technologies were tested in the C 111 like bodywork made of glass-fibre reinforced plastic and joining techniques such as adhesive bonding and riveting. This technological look into the future was underlined by the visionary design of the wedge-shaped super sportscar.
The iconic character of the C 111 was also reinforced by the unusual paint finish in metallic orange. The designation ‘Weissherbst’ derived from wine-making referred to the glowing orange/rosé colour of these popular wines. The vehicle displayed in Frankfurt was the first C 111 in this spectacular paint finish. The other vehicles in the first series, which were used as demonstration vehicles during the show, were still in a white paint finish, but were later likewise repainted in ‘Weissherbst’.
The rotary engine was not only visionary in concept but also delivered performance that was outstanding in its time. The first version of the C 111 reached a top speed of 260 km/h, and the second one even managed 300 km/h.
‘Second career’ as a record-breaker
In 1976, the C 111 appeared again as a record-breaking car with conventional reciprocating engines. Two versions with 5-cylinder turbodiesel engines were built, as well as the C 111-IV with a V8 petrol engine in 1979. On the high-speed track in Nardo, Italy, the C 111s established numerous new records, one of them the circuit world record with 403.978 km/h by the C 111-IV on May 5, 1979.
In 2014, the specialists at Mercedes-Benz Classic restored one of these dream sportscars from their collection to drivable condition. To preserve the few still available rotary engines for the future, they installed an M 116 3.5-litre V8 engine. This engine had already been installed in a C 111 for comparative and test purposes in 1970.
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