Staying at home more than going for casual outings is the ‘New Normal’ in this age of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the situation in different countries varies, the main thing is to minimize close contact so many of the usual activities we used to enjoy are not possible – for now. In Malaysia, we have been having the Movement Control Order (MCO) for over a year and this has largely restricted leaving the home, except for essential or emergency matters or to go to work (with permission from the authorities).
Fortunately, this is the 21st century where we have the internet, so even though people cannot meet face to face, they can still remain in regular contact via the various online channels. Perhaps it’s just not the same as sitting at the mamak stall with your friends but it is certainly better than 30 years ago when such a situation would have meant isolation and much more boredom. Now you can even go racing with your friends online!
‘Paint’ a digital canvas
For families with little ones, Mazda Malaysia (represented by Bermaz Motor) has an interactive colouring contest which is ideal at this #stayathome time. It’s a digital age activity where children can ‘paint’ a digital canvas on their computer or tablet (a smartphone would be too small).
There are five different drawings to colour, four of them with current Mazda models and one of the Mazda RX Vision concept car. There doesn’t seem to be a limit on the entries that can be submitted so participants can probably choose one or all the drawings offered.
Cash prizes and Mazda Premium Merchandise
The drawing tools are simple to use (like MS Paint) and once completed, they can be printed out as well. To join the contest, the completed image needs to be attached to the submission form available at the website. All submissions must reach Mazda Malaysia by August 18, 2021. Cash prizes and Mazda Premium Merchandise will be given as prizes for the entries judged to be the best.
Click here to go to the Mazda Interactive Colouring Contest page and if you are interested in knowing more about the models in the drawings, you can get information at www.mazda.com.my as well as take a virtual tour of the Mazda Malaysia flagship showroom in Glenmarie, Selangor.
Right from the start, the battery pack has been a crucial element for the development of electric vehicles (EVs). The earliest EVs in the 1930s used very heavy batteries which made them unappealing, apart from the fact that performance was poor. Not much development of batteries took place in the decades that followed as the internal combustion engine dominated the auto industry and the battery’s role was minimal – mainly to start the engine.
It was only by the end of the 20th century that development of batteries started picking up, as interest in EVs started growing. Although the lead-acid type (the small one in the engine bay of cars) was used, it was totally unacceptable as its storage capacity was small and it was heavy. But R&D into this area accelerated and it was possible to use other chemical processes that could achieve a higher density and capacity for battery packs. Currently, it is the lithium-ion battery pack that is widely used in many EVs and hybrids.
Second generation of the Prius Aqua/Prius c
Now, Toyota has come out with another type of battery with a high output bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery. This is installed in the all-new Aqua (also known as Prius c) that is launched in Japan today and it is the first vehicle in the world to use this type of battery. Compared to the nickel-hydrogen battery that was used by the previous generation of the Aqua, the new more compact battery can provide approximately twice the output while enhancing performance and range.
Since the launch of the first-generation Prius in the late 1990s, Toyota has accumulated expertise both in the technological development and the quality management of batteries and hybrid systems. One subsidiary, Toyota Industries Corporation, has developed proficiency in analysis technologies for the development and performance assessment of materials through many years of developing batteries for electrified forklift trucks. By combining their respective fields of knowledge, the companies have worked to develop better batteries and their efforts have led to the development of bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries.
First generation of the Prius c was sold in Malaysia for a few years when the government allowed full tax exemption on hybrid vehicles.
What is a bipolar battery?
In bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries, a cathode is applied to one side of the current collector, and an anode to the other; several of these structures, which are known as ‘bipolar electrodes’, are stacked together to form the battery architecture. Compared to non-bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries, bipolar versions consist of fewer current collectors and other parts, enabling them to be made more compact. It is possible to stack a larger number of cells in bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries than in non-bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries of the same size.
In addition, since bipolar batteries have a greater active surface area and a simpler construction, there is lower resistance within the battery itself. This enables the flow of larger currents, leading to increased output. As an example, the bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery equipped to the all-new Aqua has an output approximately 2 times higher than the non-bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery used in the previous Aqua.
Toyota’s own battery factories
Toyota has its own battery manufacturing subsidiaries but it’s not known which company is producing these new batteries. Back in 1996, Toyota formed a joint-venture with Panasonic to develop and manufacture batteries for electrified vehicles. It was first known as the Panasonic EV Energy Company but changed its name to Primearth EV Energy Co., Ltd. (PEVE) in 2010 when Toyota became the majority shareholder.
Primearth EV Energy, Toyota’s first joint venture with Panasonic to develop and produce batteries for its hybrid vehicles.
PEVE focussed on making prismatic nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) as it worked on improving the quality of lithium-ion batteries. It began mass production of these higher performance batteries in early 2011.
Toyota also has a second joint-venture with Panasonic which was established just last year. Known as Prime Planet Energy & Solutions (PPES), it will handle development, manufacture, and sales of high-capacity and high-output prismatic lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries and next-generation batteries for automotive application.
Prime Planet Energy & Solutions is the second joint venture that Toyota has with Panasonic to make batteries for electric powertrains in motor vehicles. The company has two factories with the one in Japan (below) to have a capacity of 80,000 batteries annually and a second one in China which is expected to supply batteries for up to 400,000 hybrid electric vehicles per year.
PPES has an ambitious target to reduce battery costs by up to 50% this year. This will be achieved by expanding production capacity at two factories – one in Japan which will supply up to 80,000 battery electric vehicles annually, and a second one in China which is expected to supply batteries for up to 400,000 hybrid electric vehicles per year.
The last time Opels were officially sold in Malaysia was in the 1990s by a small company called Europel. There were ambitious plans to assemble a model called the Vectra but it never went ahead. Opel was actually a fairly strong brand in the country with its German background and it had robust, reliable models. Unfortunately, General Motors, which owned Opel then, decided to stop using the brand and instead used Chevrolet which it declared as ‘the most international of GM brands’.
Anyway, eventually Opel was sold off to the PSA Group (now part of the Stellantis Group) which has Citroen and Peugeot. Some of the models from the GM era continued to be produced and evolved through generations and one of them is the Astra, which began life as the successor to the Kadett (which would be familiar to older Malaysians) in the early 1990s.
Europel also sold the Astra here as a small, slightly sporty hatchback but only in limited numbers. So most Malaysians would not know about the model. It has reached the sixth generation which was recently unveiled, with deliveries to start early in 2022.
Moving to electric drives
Until now, the Astra has used combustion engines and for this new generation, it will be the first time that the model will have electric drive, in line with the future direction of the PSA Group. Petrol and diesel engines will still be available as there will still be markets that need them.
The electrified powertrain will be a plug-in hybrid type with two performance levels that can deliver up to 165 kW (225 ps) system output. The combustion engine side is a 1.6-litre turbocharged 4-cylinder petrol unit and with the 12.4 kWh battery pack, an electric-only range of 50 kms is claimed (subject to driving conditions, of course). The transmission is an 8-speed automatic only.
PSA Group EMP2 platform
Earlier generations of the Astra sat on GM platforms that were used for a multitude of models of different brands all over the world. Under PSA ownership, the new Astra uses the third generation of EMP2 multi-energy architecture which is also used in Peugeots and Citroens.
The Opel Vizor look
The bodywork is appropriate for the new chapter in the evolution of the Astra. It has taut surfaces with no superfluous elements and with a new corporate face that the company calls the ‘Opel Vizor’, which was first used on the Mokka launched last year. It is inspired by a full-face helmet, with a ‘protective visor’ that organically integrates the grille, the headlights and the brand logo in one single module.
The Vizor concept also seamlessly integrates technologies such as the ultra-slim headlamps. This is the latest evolution of the adaptive Intelli-Lux LED Pixel light with 168 LED elements which comes straight from Opel’s flagship Insignia.
Moving into the fully digital era
As with the electrified powertrain, the interior also takes a leap forward. With the fully digital Pure Panel, analogue instruments are now ‘obsolete’, something for old-timers to talk about. There is a new human-machine-interface (HMI) with fresh, modern graphics on extra-wide touchscreens, just like a smartphone.
The interior designers have taken great care to ensure that the driver receives all the necessary information and useful operating options, but is not burdened with excessive or unnecessary data or functions. Key settings such as climate control can still be operated via physical switches and buttons which are still more practical and functional.
Driver assistance systems
The driver is supported by assistance systems ranging from the Head-Up Display to the semi-automated Intelli-Drive 2.0 assistance system and Intelli-Vision 360-degree camera. In addition to the multifunction camera, the technology comprises 4 body cameras, 5 radar sensors, as well as ultrasonic sensors front and rear.
The cameras and sensors are integrated with e-horizon connectivity in Intelli-Drive 2.0 which extends the coverage range. This enables the system to adapt the speed in curves, make speed recommendations and perform semi-automatic lane changes. Hands-off detection on the steering wheel ensures the driver remains engaged at all times.
Vaccination does not make you immune to COVID-19 infection. You can still get infected and you may not show symptoms but spread the coronavirus. Do not stop taking protective measures such as wearing a facemask, washing hands frequently and social distancing.
Kalle Rovanpera has become the youngest driver to ever win a round of the World Rally Championship (WRC) after he and co-driver Jonne Halttunen secured victory on Rally Estonia. At 20 years and 290 days, Rovanpera claims the record that was previosuly held by the man who is now his Team Principal, Jari-Matti Latvala (who was just over two years older when he won Rally Sweden in 2008).
The win in Estonia, the seventh round of the 2021 WRC, is the fifth victory in a row for the TOYOTA GAZOO Racing World Rally Team. Driving a Toyota Yaris WRC (which was built at Toyota’s factory in Estonia), Rovanpera led after all but two of the event’s 24 stages, held over some of the fastest roads in rallying. He took 6 out of 8 stage wins on Friday in a close battle with his nearest rival, Craig Breen (with Paul Nagle) in a Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC.
The next day, he pushed harder and extended his lead with some very quick stage times. By the final day, he had a lead of 50.7 seconds, which he ultimately extended to almost one minute with an expertly-controlled drive through the last 6 stages.
Kalle Rovanpera
Fifth consecutive win for team
The team’s fifth consecutive win (and sixth from seven rounds so far this year) is the longest-ever WRC winning streak achieved by Toyota in its rallying history. All three of the team’s cars finished among the top five, with Sebastien Ogier and Julien Ingrassia coming fourth and Elfyn Evans and Scott Martin taking fifth.
Ogier and Evans remain first and second in the Drivers’ standings, separated by 37 points, with Rovanpera up to fourth. With a cumulative 315 points, the Toyota team retains its 59-point advantage at the top of the Manufacturers’ championship, ahead of the Hyundai Shell Mobis World Rally Team.
Another 5 rounds remain between now and November, when the Rally Japan will be the final event of the championship. The next round will be the Ypres Rally, the first time that the 55-year old Belgian event has been included as a WRC round. Part of the European Rally Championship, it has a demanding route along farmland roads lined with ditches. The final day will be run around the famous Spa-Francorchamps racing circuit.
Hyundai’s new Rally2 car
The Ypres Rally will see the competitive debut of Hyundai’s new i20 N Rally2 car, successor to the i20 R5. It will be at the forefront of a new initiative from Hyundai Motorsport and the FIA to nurture rally talent from regional championships around the world for the next 3 years. In the FIA Rally Champions World Tour, title winners from 5 series – in Africa, Asia-Pacific, CODASUR, Middle East and NACAM – will get a prize drive in an i20 N Rally2 at a WRC round.
Hyundai’s i20 N rally2 car
The scheme will initially benefit winners in this season’s championship and the winners in 2022 and 2023 will be rewarded at WRC events in 2023 and 2024 respectively. According to FIA Rally Director, Yves Matton, the scheme will create a pathway for competitors from non-European nationalities to reach the top of the rally pyramid. “It will provide greater diversity in the FIA World Rally Championship,” he added.
With Max Verstappen winning the inaugural Sprint Race yesterday, the pole position was taken by the Dutchman of Red Bull Racing, Lewis Hamilton had been on pole after qualifying on Friday but had to settle for second place today as the outcome of the Sprint Race decided the grid for this race.
Verstappen got a good start and sped ahead of Hamilton but even before the first lap was completed, contact between the two cars saw the Red Bull Racing driver bouncing off into the barriers. Out came the Safety Car while Ferrari’s Charles Leclerc managed to slip into the lead. A red flag was out as the barriers needed to be repaired, so the cars could pit for tyres and repairs (Hamilton’s car needed a new front wing). lthough Verstappen had seemed unhurt and got out of the car, he had later to be taken to a hospital for additional examination.
The blame game started almost immediately with Red Bull boss Christian Horner furiously suggesting to officials it was Hamilton’s fault, and the British champ saying he had given enough space but the contact had occurred. Horner’s anger was understandable, of course, since Verstappen’s race was over. Toto Wolff, Horner’s counterpart in Mercedes-AMG also put up a defence of his driver.
The restart (after about 40 minutes of Safety Car and red flag) saw Leclerc at the front, the Ferrari driver having passed Valtteri Bottas early and able to slip past the Hamilton-Verstappen incident. As the race had been suspended, it was just the fourth lap, with another 48 to go. Sebastian Vettel, who had slipped all the way to the back, was eager to move up but spun as he started off.
As the race got underway, the Stewards decided that Hamilton was at fault and informed his team that he would have a 10-second penalty, which he could serve during a pit stop. Needless to say, the home crowd was very unhappy when news of the penalty started to be known in the stands.
Track temperatures were high and apart from the effect on the tyres, the brakes were also worrying, so teams had to think of revising strategies.
On lap 16, Leclerc, who had just managed to stay ahead of Hamilton, began to have power loss and was trying to find out if some settings were off. Hamilton began to close in and further back (5 seconds), Lando Norris was watching from third place after having passed Bottas.
The cars began coming into the pits for new tyres at lap 20, and as Norris pulled in, Bottas pulled ahead into third place but some 7 seconds behind his team mate. Bottas came in on lap 23 and with a 2.2-second stop, he lost just one position which was taken by Carlos Sainz.
At the halfway point, it was still Leclerc in the lead but still having occasional engine problems. Hamilton was safe enough to just trail him and not take chances as Sainz was some 18 seconds behind. However, by lap 28, Hamilton had to come in for new tyres and do the 10-second penalty, slipping down behind Bottas and Norris as he rejoined the race. He was about half a minute behind Leclerc.
Although Leclerc seemed to be comfortable continuing a bit more, his team brought him in on lap 30 for a change of tyres to hards. He was in and out in less than 3 seconds and still kept his lead, with a gap of 6 seconds to Bottas. Meanwhile, McLaren’s Daniel Ricciardo was trying hard to hold on to his fifth place as the red Ferrari of Carlos Sainz kept appearing in his mirrors.
With 11 laps remaining. Bottas was requested to let his team mate pass by and he did so again, as he did before. The pass out the reigning champion within 7 seconds of Leclerc. Bottas was pretty assured of a place on the podium anyway, with Norris some 10 seconds behind. The battle between Ricciardo and Sainz continued for fifth place.
With 2 laps to go, Leclerc was readying for the chequered flag but then his car went wide and it was the moment Hamilton was waiting for, and he swept past to take the lead. It was close but he was more cautious to avoid another incident like what happened with Verstappen. And then it was a straight run to the finish line and finally, a win for Hamilton at Silverstone again – on home ground.
Vaccination does not make you immune to COVID-19 infection. You can still get infected and you may not show symptoms but spread the coronavirus. Do not stop taking protective measures such as wearing a facemask, washing hands frequently and social distancing.
The FIA Formula One World Championship will run for the 73rd time in 2022 and as has been the case periodically over the decades, the technical regulations set by the FIA have changes. Often, these changes reflect changing economic, social or technological circumstances. The changes for 2022, which took some 2 years to formulate, were originally meant to be introduced in 2021 but because of the COVID-19 pandemic, they were postponed to 2022.
“The regulations have been a truly collaborative effort, and I believe this to be a great achievement,” said FIA President Jean Todt when they were announced in late 2019. “A crucial element for the FIA moving forward will be the environmental considerations – Formula 1 already has the most efficient engines in the world, and we will continue to work on new technologies and fuels to push these boundaries further.
However, the restriction to a US$175 million budget for each team took effect in 2021. This meant that much of the development work to meet the new regulations had to be done with the budget cap in mind. This restriction helps to level the playing field between the less rich teams and the well-funded teams like Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS and Red Bull Racing Honda which are known to have spent US$550 million and more during a racing season.
“The 2022 regulations from the FIA will create the conditions for closer racing where the cars can get closer to each other,” said Stefano Domenicali, Formula 1 President & CEO, echoing Ross Brawn, Formula 1’s Managing Director of Motorsport who said that ‘we want much closer competition. We want them battling wheel-to-wheel’.
The new regulations are expected to make racing closer, which is what spectators and fans want.
Powerplants will not change and the new generation of F1 cars will still use the same 1.6-litre hybrid V6 turbo engines. Hybrid engines were introduced in 2014 in place of the unturbocharged V8 units. The hybrid units have been complex and expensive to develop and by 2025 or so, the FIA will come out with new powertrain regulations that will use completely sustainable fuel. F1 cars currently run on a 5.75% blend of biofuel, and next year, they must use E10 (10% ethanol blend).
“Formula 1 has long served as platform for introducing next generation advancements in the automotive world. We are delighted by the momentum on sustainable fuels which perfectly aligns with our plan to be net zero carbon as a sport by 2030. Our top sustainability priority now is building a roadmap for the hybrid engine that reduces emissions and has a real-world benefit for road cars. We believe we have the opportunity to do that with a next generation engine that combines hybrid technology with sustainable fuels,” said Brawn.
The cars have evolved visually, and this is for commercial as well as technical reasons, the former being to have more appeal to spectators. The technical reasons include having to extend the front end to improve crash protection, while the rear end of the car must also be able to absorb 15% more energy. Romain Grosjean’s terrifying crash at the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix and the way the car broke had engineers working hard to ensure that the power unit will separate in a way that will not allow the fuel tank to be exposed and leak.
Chassis strength has also been increased for better resistance to side impacts and inevitably, these changes have added weight to the car. The regulations have therefore been adjusted to allow the minimum weight to be 790 kgs, about 5% from the 752 kg limit for this year’s cars.
The F1 cars will also use bigger wheels in 2022; until now, they have been running on 13-inch wheels but next year will see them rolling on 18-inch wheels. While these may have a certain visual appeal – big wheels usually do – the drivers and engineers are not excited about this change. They have various implications on performance, including a possible increase in lap times, apart from adding weight.
Pirelli, the tyre-suppliers for F1, have developed new low-profile tyres which they say will not be as disadvantageous as the general view suggests. The new Pirelli compounds and constructions for are said to reduce the amount the tyres overheat as they slide along the track surface.
Bigger wheels, while also allowing for bigger brakes, will require close study of aerodynamics in those areas. And aerodynamic performance has always been a crucial element in the design of a F1 car. Designers in each team will have their own styling ideas for the various sections of the car while adhering to regulations, of course.
Downforce has been vital since the 1970s when people like Colin Chapman used aerodynamic principles to make the car ‘stick’ to the road more. However, in racing conditions, especially at the speeds of F1, the ‘dirty air’ from the car ahead can impact the car behind, with up to 35% of downforce being lost – even when 20 metres apart. If closer, this loss can even be as much as 47%.
The 2022 car, developed by Formula 1’s in-house Motorsports team in collaboration with the FIA, has given a lot of consideration to the ‘ground effect’ and can reduces the loss to just 4% at 20 metres and 18% at 10 metres.
Winglets are a clever aerodynamic feature on aircraft and over-wheel winglets will appear for the first time on F1 cars, along with wheel covers, last seen in 2019. While the covers can help in the aerodynamics, they have little to do with the actual tires. As a physical seal on the wheel, they will also help to reduce the dirty air coming off the car and the turbulence it causes in its wake.
The winglets will manage airflow coming off the front tyres and direct it away from the rear wing. Again, this is being introduced in the interests of reducing the negative effects on cars behind. This is expected to allow closer racing.
The 2022 car has fully shaped underfloor tunnels rather than the stepped floor used currently. This can generate and preserve large amounts of useful downforce through ground effect. As for the rear wing (which still has DRS), this also has a revised shape and position to move airflow higher up as it departs from the car so that the following car has more ‘clean air’ and can come closer.
